Choose the correct synonym of the word "ABANDON":

→ In the critical evaluation of language pedagogy and second-language acquisition (SLA) theories, the role of formal grammar instruction has been a subject of intense debate among linguists such as Noam Chomsky, Stephen Krashen, and Michael Long. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding the critical perspective on the role of grammar in learning a language: I. Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model posits that conscious conscious learning of explicit grammar rules can never become acquired subconscious competence; instead, its sole function is to act as a 'monitor' or editor for output in planned discourse, implying that formal grammar instruction plays a severely restricted role in naturalistic fluency development. II. Michael Long's 'Focus on Form' (FoF) hypothesis challenges traditional 'Focus on Forms' (synthetic syllabi centered exclusively on discrete grammar structures) by advocating for reactive or proactive attention to linguistic code features embedded within meaningful, communicative tasks when learner processing capacity allows. III. Pienemann's Processability Theory argues that instructional interventions teaching explicit morphosyntactic rules can successfully override universal developmental stages and psycholinguistic acquisition sequences, enabling learners to master complex grammatical structures regardless of their current processing readiness. IV. Nativist linguistic perspectives (such as Chomsky's Universal Grammar) suggest that while explicit pedagogical grammar rules cannot alter the innate blueprint of human language faculty, they may assist adult learners in bypassing impoverished primary linguistic input by consciously deductively applying universal structural parameters. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the pedagogical, theoretical, and psycholinguistic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to modern second language acquisition research and grammar pedagogy. → In advanced English syntax and idiomatic usage, prepositional valency, particle placement, and phrasal verb classifications are governed by strict structural constraints and semantic parameters. Consider the following four advanced propositions:I. Inseparable phrasal-prepositional verbs (such as *'look forward to'* or *'put up with'*) are three-part constructions where both nominal and pronominal objects must invariably follow the final prepositional element, rendering any attempt to insert an object between the verb and particles ungrammatical.II. Separable transitive phrasal verbs (such as *'bring about'* or *'turn down'*) permit a nominal direct object to occupy either the intervening position between the lexical verb and the particle or the position following the particle, whereas pronominal direct objects are strictly restricted to the final post-particle position.III. The prepositional verb *'account for'* allows the prepositional complement to be fronted in wh-interrogatives and formal relative clauses, a syntactic process that often results in preposition stranding or formal pied-piping depending on the stylistic register.IV. Intransitive phrasal verbs (such as *'break down'* or *'give in'*) do not take direct objects, but they can accept prepositional complements to form complex prepositional verbs (e.g., *'result in'* or *'rely on'*), which function syntactically as unified transitive units.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the syntactic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar. → In advanced English syntax and concord, subject-verb agreement frequently presents complex structural challenges when dealing with notional agreement (synesis), collective nouns, correlative adjuncts, and inverted clauses. Consider the following complex propositions regarding subject-verb agreement rules:I. When a plural noun denotes a specific, single unified quantity, measure, distance, or collective amount (e.g., 'Fifty miles', 'Ten thousand dollars'), it consistently takes a singular verb, reflecting notional agreement over strict grammatical form.II. In sentences featuring subject-verb inversion due to introductory locative or negative adverbs (e.g., 'On the horizon loom a majestic mountain and several quiet hills'), the verb must always be singular if the first inverted noun phrase encountered is singular, regardless of the subsequent coordinate subjects.III. When two singular subjects are joined by correlative expressions such as 'not only... but also' or 'either... or', the verb agrees in person and number with the subject closest to it, adhering to the principle of proximity.IV. Fractional expressions followed by an uncountable noun (e.g., 'Three-fourths of the reservoir') take a plural verb, whereas the same fraction followed by a plural countable noun (e.g., 'Three-fourths of the delegates') takes a singular verb.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the syntactic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV. → In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, converting complex active sentences into the passive voice requires intricate morphosyntactic adjustments, especially when dealing with ditransitive verbs, causative constructions, phrasal verbs, and modal auxiliaries. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When converting a ditransitive sentence featuring two distinct objects (direct and indirect) into the passive voice, either object can theoretically be promoted to the subject position; however, promoting the indirect object (recipient) as the subject is generally preferred when the communicative focus highlights the person rather than the thing, resulting in a construction like 'She was given a prestigious award by the committee'. II. In causative structures involving perception or epistemic verbs followed by a bare infinitive (e.g., 'The supervisor made the analyst rewrite the entire financial report'), the active bare infinitive obligatorily transforms into a *to*-infinitive in the passive voice ('The analyst was made to rewrite the entire financial report by the supervisor'), restoring the infinitival marker that was suppressed under active government. III. When an active sentence contains a phrasal or prepositional verb with an inseparable particle or preposition (e.g., 'The board of directors laughed down the controversial proposal'), the preposition or particle must be omitted entirely during passive conversion to prevent structural clutter ('The controversial proposal was laughed by the board of directors'). IV. Sentences containing intransitive verbs or stative verbs that denote state of being, possession, or containment (such as 'have', 'belong', 'resemble', or 'cost') can be freely converted into the passive voice without restriction in formal academic writing, provided the agent is overtly specified at the terminal position. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles. → In advanced English syntax and stylistic revision, sentence improvement requires meticulous evaluation of structural parallelism, misplaced modifiers, conciseness, and idiomatic appropriateness. Consider the following complex sentence in need of potential enhancement: "Not only did the seasoned diplomat articulate a compelling vision for regional peace during the plenary session, but she also successfully negotiated trade concessions, and managed to defuse a tense geopolitical standoff." Identify the option that provides the most stylistically polished, grammatically parallel, and rhetorically effective improvement of the sentence.