त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, converting complex active sentences into the passive voice requires intricate morphosyntactic adjustments, especially when handling ditransitive structures, complement clauses, phrasal verbs, and stative restrictions. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. In a ditransitive active sentence with two internal objects (e.g., 'The board of trustees awarded the retiring professor a prestigious lifetime achievement fellowship'), either the indirect object or the direct object can theoretically be promoted to subject position in the passive voice, yielding 'The retiring professor was awarded a prestigious lifetime achievement fellowship by the board of trustees' or 'A prestigious lifetime achievement fellowship was awarded to the retiring professor by the board of trustees,' respectively. II. When converting an active sentence featuring a finite declarative complement clause functioning as a direct object (e.g., 'Financial analysts established that the multinational conglomerate manipulated its quarterly earnings reports') into the passive voice using a dummy subject, extraposition is obligatory to avoid an ungrammatical initial clause-subject, resulting in: 'It was established by financial analysts that the multinational conglomerate manipulated its quarterly earnings reports.' III. Intransitive verbs of state, measurement, or permanent relation that lack a direct object valency slot (such as 'resemble', 'belong', 'weigh' in specific stative senses, and 'lack') can be freely converted into the passive voice provided an adjunct prepositional phrase of time or location is added to the matrix clause. IV. When converting an active sentence containing a transitive phrasal verb whose particle is inseparable or idiomatic (e.g., 'The appellate court threw out the sensational appeal'), the particle must be detached from the lexical verb and placed exclusively at the very beginning of the derived passive clause, completely preceding the promoted subject. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
Proposition I is valid because ditransitive verbs taking both a direct and an indirect object allow either object to become the subject of the passive transform, though promoting the animate indirect object is generally more common and stylistically preferred. Proposition II is valid because finite complement clauses functioning as direct objects undergo extraposition with a dummy 'it' subject when passivized to maintain structural equilibrium (e.g., 'It was established that...'). Proposition III is invalid because true stative and intransitive verbs (like 'resemble' or 'belong') fundamentally lack a direct object and cannot be passivized under any circumstances, regardless of added adjuncts. Proposition IV is invalid because in passive transformations of phrasal verbs, the particle remains stranded immediately following the lexical verb (or at the verb phrase boundary) rather than moving to the front of the sentence. To explore further grammatical details, refer to the English passive voice Wikipedia page.
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