त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical paradigms of second language acquisition, Noam Chomsky's hypothesis of Language Acquisition (LAD) and Universal Grammar (UG) stand in distinct contrast to Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model, particularly regarding conscious learning and subconscious acquisition. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding these foundational theories: I. According to Noam Chomsky's nativist theory, human infants are biologically endowed with an innate mental organ termed the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which contains universal principles common to all human languages, enabling children to effortlessly internalize complex morphosyntactic structures despite the 'poverty of the stimulus'. II. Stephen Krashen's Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis posits that adult second language (L2) learners possess two independent systems for language performance: 'acquisition', a subconscious process identical to the way children pick up their native tongue, and 'learning', a conscious process resulting in formal knowledge of grammar rules. III. According to Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis, conscious language 'learning' can function as an initiator of spontaneous oral fluency and primary output generation during rapid face-to-face conversational exchanges, allowing learners to bypass subconscious acquisition entirely in natural discourse. IV. Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis asserts that emotional variables—such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and defensive self-concept—can raise mental barriers that prevent comprehensible input from reaching the Language Acquisition Device, thereby impeding successful subconscious language acquisition. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the theoretical, linguistic, and pedagogical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard language acquisition theory.
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Detailed Explanation
Propositions I, II, and IV are accurate reflections of nativist and monitor model frameworks. Proposition III is incorrect because in Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model, conscious 'learning' can only serve as an editor or 'monitor' to check and repair output after it has been initiated by the acquired system; it cannot initiate spontaneous utterances. For further reading, consult the Wikipedia Reference on Second-language acquisition.
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