त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical frameworks of second language acquisition, Noam Chomsky's nativist theory and Stephen Krashen's monitor model occupy foundational positions regarding how human beings internalize language. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding acquisition, learning, and their theoretical underpinnings: I. Chomsky's hypothesis of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar (UG) posits that human children are biologically endowed with innate domain-specific linguistic principles, enabling them to construct a grammar of their native language rapidly despite encountering impoverished input (Poverty of the Stimulus). II. Stephen Krashen sharply distinguishes between subconscious 'acquisition' (a natural, intuitive process akin to first language development resulting from meaningful interaction) and conscious 'learning' (formal instruction in grammar rules), asserting that learned knowledge can easily convert into acquired communicative competence through explicit practice. III. Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis posits that emotional variables such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and strong defensiveness can raise a mental block that prevents incoming comprehensible input from reaching the language acquisition device, whereas a low affective filter facilitates optimal intake. IV. Krashen's Input Hypothesis (represented by the formula $i + 1$) claims that acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly beyond their current level of linguistic competence, utilizing contextual clues and background knowledge to bridge the semantic gap. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the theoretical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to Language acquisition and Krashen's Monitor Model principles.
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Detailed Explanation
Proposition II is incorrect because Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model explicitly asserts that learned knowledge (conscious rules) can **never** convert into acquired knowledge (subconscious competence). Learning can only function as an 'editor' or 'monitor' to check and alter output, but the actual initiation of utterances and fluency comes solely from the acquired system. Propositions I, III, and IV are entirely accurate statements regarding Chomsky's nativist framework and Krashen's Monitor Model. For further reading, consult Second-language acquisition.
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