English Language
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In advanced English morphosyntax and voice diathesis, converting active constructions into passive voice involves intricate operations regarding valency changes, indirect objects, prepositional retentions, and agentive constraints. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When an active ditransitive clause features two objects (a direct object and an indirect object), either object can theoretically be promoted to the subject position in the passive transformation; however, promoting the original indirect object (recipient) as the subject is stylistically preferred in standard English discourse (e.g., active: 'The committee awarded the scholar a prestigious fellowship' $ ightarrow$ passive: 'The scholar was awarded a prestigious fellowship by the committee'), while retaining the direct object as subject requires the insertion of a preposition (e.g., 'A prestigious fellowship was awarded to the scholar'). II. When an active clause contains a complex transitive structure with an objective complement (e.g., active: 'The board elected Dr. Henderson chairperson of the committee'), the objective complement transforms smoothly into a subjective complement following the passive verb form (e.g., passive: 'Dr. Henderson was elected chairperson of the committee by the board'), maintaining strict adjectival or nominal concord. III. In active sentences governed by causative or sensory verbs taking a bare infinitive complement (e.g., 'The laboratory director made the technicians recalibrate all diagnostic equipment', 'The security officer saw the suspect enter the restricted archives'), the bare infinitive must be converted into a to-infinitive (full infinitive) upon passive voice transformation (e.g., 'The technicians were made to recalibrate all diagnostic equipment', 'The suspect was seen to enter the restricted archives'). IV. In active sentences featuring phrasal verbs or prepositional verbs where the particle or preposition forms an idiomatic or inseparable semantic unit with the lexical verb (e.g., 'The committee looked into the financial discrepancies', 'The experienced nurse looked after the critical patient'), the preposition or particle must be strictly detached and discarded during passive conversion to prevent syntactic redundancy (e.g., 'The financial discrepancies were looked', 'The critical patient was looked'). Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
To determine the correct evaluation of the four propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion:
- **Proposition I is valid:** In ditransitive clauses with both a direct and an indirect object, either can become the subject in passive voice. Promoting the animate indirect object (recipient) is far more common and stylistically preferred in English (e.g., 'The scholar was awarded a prestigious fellowship'), whereas promoting the direct object requires a preposition like 'to' or 'for' before the indirect object ('A prestigious fellowship was awarded to the scholar').
- **Proposition II is valid:** When an active clause features a complex transitive verb with an objective complement (noun or adjective denoting the state resulting from the verb), the objective complement becomes a subjective complement linked to the new passive subject (e.g., 'Dr. Henderson was elected chairperson').
- **Proposition III is valid:** Active sentences employing causative verbs ('make') or perception/sensory verbs ('see', 'hear', 'watch') followed by a bare infinitive require the bare infinitive to shift into a *to*-infinitive (full infinitive) when converted to the passive voice (e.g., active: 'made the technicians recalibrate' $
ightarrow$ passive: 'were made *to* recalibrate').
- **Proposition IV is invalid:** In phrasal and prepositional verbs, the particle or preposition is syntactically bound to the verb's valence and semantic interpretation. Dropping it destroys the meaning and yields an ungrammatical sentence. The particle/preposition must be retained right after the verb in the passive form (e.g., 'The financial discrepancies were looked into').
For a deeper linguistic analysis of voice diathesis, consult the Wikipedia entry on English passive voice.
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