English Language
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In advanced English syntax and voice conversion, transforming sentences with complex structural elements—such as indirect objects, passive infinitives, complement clauses, and causative constructions—demands rigorous grammatical precision. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice transformations: I. When converting a ditransitive active sentence containing two internal arguments (e.g., "The governing committee awarded the distinguished physicist a prestigious research grant") into the passive voice, promoting the indirect object ("The distinguished physicist was awarded a prestigious research grant by the governing committee") is the only syntactically permissible option; promoting the direct object is strictly forbidden in standard English. II. Active sentences featuring causative verbs such as "make", "bid", or "help" followed by a bare infinitive (e.g., "The lead architect made the contractors revise the structural blueprint") suppress the bare infinitive status in their passive transformations, requiring the mandatory insertion of the full infinitive particle 'to' (e.g., "The contractors were made to revise the structural blueprint by the lead architect"). III. In complex active constructions involving verbs of reporting or opinion followed by a finite that-clause complement (e.g., "Analysts anticipate that foreign direct investment will surge in the upcoming fiscal quarter"), the passive transformation can be formulated using an impersonal dummy subject "It" (e.g., "It is anticipated that foreign direct investment will surge in the upcoming fiscal quarter") or via subject-to-subject raising where the embedded subject is promoted (e.g., "Foreign direct investment is anticipated to surge in the upcoming fiscal quarter"). IV. Sentences containing modal auxiliary verbs in past counterfactual structures followed by a perfect infinitive (e.g., "The administration should have ratified the environmental treaty months ago") can be freely converted into the passive voice by retaining the identical modal and aspectual auxiliary sequence without any structural alteration (e.g., "The environmental treaty should have been ratified months ago by the administration"). Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and transformational validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice principles.
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Detailed Explanation
Proposition I is invalid because in ditransitive sentences, *either* the direct object or the indirect object can theoretically be promoted to the subject position in the passive voice (e.g., promoting the direct object yields: "A prestigious research grant was awarded to the distinguished physicist by the governing committee"). Proposition II is valid because causative verbs like 'make' take a bare infinitive in the active voice ('made the contractors revise') but require the full infinitive particle 'to' in the passive voice ('were made to revise'). Proposition III is valid because reporting verbs with that-clauses allow both impersonal 'It'-passive constructions and subject-to-subject raising. Proposition IV is valid because modal perfect structures ('should have ratified') correctly convert to passive modal perfect structures ('should have been ratified'). For further details, consult the rules of English passive voice.
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