English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, voice conversion involves intricate structural reconfigurations, case-marking adjustments, and non-canonical argument promotion. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: I. When converting a ditransitive clause containing both a direct object and an indirect object (e.g., *'The committee awarded the scholar a prestigious fellowship'*) into the passive voice, either the indirect object or the direct object can be promoted to subject position, yielding two structurally well-formed passive variants (*'The scholar was awarded a prestigious fellowship by the committee'* or *'A prestigious fellowship was awarded to the scholar by the committee'*). II. When an active clause features a complex causative or perception verb followed by a bare infinitive (e.g., *'They made him confess the truth'* or *'She saw him enter the building'*), the bare infinitive must obligatorily shift to a full to-infinitive clause during passive conversion (*'He was made to confess the truth'* and *'He was seen to enter the building'*), restoring the structural marker omitted in the active voice. III. Intransitive verbs that express inherent states, static location, or punctual bodily actions without a direct object (such as *'arrive'*, *'occur'*, *'seem'*, or *'sleep'*) can freely undergo passive transformation in formal English provided an adjunct prepositional phrase of time or place is present in the matrix clause. IV. When an active sentence contains a complex transitive clause with a reflexive pronoun coreferential with the subject (e.g., *'He defended himself admirably during the trial'*), standard syntactic constraints prevent the reflexive object from being promoted to subject position in the passive voice (*'*Himself was defended admirably by him'* is ungrammatical). Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and Passive voice theory.
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Detailed Explanation
To evaluate the propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion: Proposition I is valid because ditransitive verbs taking both direct and indirect objects can typically form two passive variants depending on which object is promoted. Proposition II is valid because perception and causative verbs (*make*, *see*, *hear*, *help*) that take a bare infinitive in the active voice require the insertion of the 'to'-infinitive marker when passivized (*He was made to confess*). Proposition III is invalid because true intransitive verbs lack an object argument entirely and cannot be passivized under any circumstances, regardless of adjuncts. Proposition IV is valid because reflexive pronouns are bound anaphors coreferential with the subject and cannot be promoted to subject position in passive structures. For a comprehensive overview of argument structure and voice shifts, consult the Passive voice reference.
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