English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis alternation, voice conversion involves intricate structural reconfigurations, case-marking adjustments, and non-canonical argument promotion. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion:I. When converting a complex transitive clause containing a direct object and an object complement (e.g., *'The board elected Dr. Henderson chairperson'*) into the passive voice, the object complement remains in its post-verbal position and functions as a subject complement, yielding *'Dr. Henderson was elected chairperson by the board'*.II. Verbs of stative possession and resemblance, such as *'have'*, *'belong'*, *'resemble'*, and *'suit'*, regularly undergo standard passive transformation in all registers of formal English (e.g., *'A blue suit is resembled by him'* or *'A large fortune is had by her'*) without any semantic anomaly or syntactic constraint.III. In subordinate gerundial or participial clauses lacking an explicit lexical subject, the implied agent of the passive structure must strictly corefer with the matrix subject of the governing clause; otherwise, a dangling passive participle or gerund is produced (e.g., *'When questioned by the police, the alibi was found to be fabricated'* creates an illogical reading where the alibi was questioned).IV. When an active sentence features a phrasal verb with an inseparable prepositional complement (e.g., *'The committee looked into the irregularities' *), the preposition remains permanently attached to the lexical verb during passive conversion and cannot be stranded or separated from its governing head, resulting in *'The irregularities were looked into by the committee'*.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and Passive voice theory.
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Detailed Explanation
Proposition I is valid: in complex transitive clauses, the object complement becomes a subject complement in the passive voice (*'Dr. Henderson was elected chairperson'*). Proposition II is invalid: stative verbs like *'have'*, *'belong'*, *'resemble'*, and *'suit'* typically resist passive transformation because they denote states rather than actions, making forms like *'A blue suit is resembled by him'* ungrammatical. Proposition III is valid: elliptical participial and gerundial clauses require strict semantic coreference with the matrix subject; otherwise, a dangling modifier error occurs (attributing questioning to the alibi). Proposition IV is valid: phrasal-prepositional verbs maintain their particle/prepositional attachment in the passive, correctly yielding *'The irregularities were looked into'*. For a deeper syntactic analysis, consult Passive voice theory on Wikipedia.
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