त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis, voice conversion requires precise transformations regarding subject-verb inversion, object promotion, agent demotion, and morphological adjustments, especially when dealing with complex clause structures, pseudo-passives, and reflexive or middle-voice verbs. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding active and passive voice conversion:I. When an active sentence contains a complex transitive structure with an object complement (e.g., 'The committee elected him chairperson'), the object complement remains in the predicate as a subject complement following the passivized verb, yielding 'He was elected chairperson by the committee' rather than converting the complement into the subject.II. Intransitive verbs that express inherent properties, states, or middle-voice characteristics without taking a direct object (e.g., *'This fabric washes easily'*, *'The book sells well'*) can be readily converted into standard analytical passive forms like *'The book is well sold by people'*.III. In active sentences governed by causative verbs such as 'make' followed by a bare infinitive, the passive transformation requires the bare infinitive to be replaced by a to-infinitive (e.g., 'She made him cry' converts to 'He was made to cry by her').IV. When an active sentence features a clause functioning as a direct object introduced by a reporting verb (e.g., 'They believe that he is honest'), standard impersonal passive transformation permits the construction 'It is believed that he is honest' or the nominative-with-infinitive construction 'He is believed to be honest'.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to standard English grammar and English passive voice theory.
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Detailed Explanation
Let us evaluate each proposition in detail according to advanced English syntax and English passive voice theory:
• Proposition I is correct. In a complex transitive clause with an object complement (e.g., 'The committee elected him chairperson'), the direct object ('him') becomes the subject of the passive clause ('He'), and the object complement ('chairperson') remains as a subject complement following the passive verb ('was elected chairperson').
• Proposition II is incorrect. Middle-voice constructions like 'This fabric washes easily' or 'The book sells well' inherently resist standard analytical passive conversion (such as *'The book is well sold'*, which changes the intransitive/middle aspect into an agentive or unnatural state). They function intrinsically with active morphology to denote inherent qualitative attributes of the subject.
• Proposition III is correct. Causative verbs like 'make' take a bare infinitive in the active voice ('She made him cry'), but during passive transformation, the bare infinitive must expand into a full to-infinitive ('He was made to cry by her').
• Proposition IV is correct. Reporting clauses with 'that'-clauses allow two standard passive structures: the impersonal passive with an anticipatory 'it' ('It is believed that he is honest') and the personal passive or nominative-with-infinitive structure ('He is believed to be honest').
Therefore, propositions I, III, and IV are correct, making Option B the right choice.
• Proposition I is correct. In a complex transitive clause with an object complement (e.g., 'The committee elected him chairperson'), the direct object ('him') becomes the subject of the passive clause ('He'), and the object complement ('chairperson') remains as a subject complement following the passive verb ('was elected chairperson').
• Proposition II is incorrect. Middle-voice constructions like 'This fabric washes easily' or 'The book sells well' inherently resist standard analytical passive conversion (such as *'The book is well sold'*, which changes the intransitive/middle aspect into an agentive or unnatural state). They function intrinsically with active morphology to denote inherent qualitative attributes of the subject.
• Proposition III is correct. Causative verbs like 'make' take a bare infinitive in the active voice ('She made him cry'), but during passive transformation, the bare infinitive must expand into a full to-infinitive ('He was made to cry by her').
• Proposition IV is correct. Reporting clauses with 'that'-clauses allow two standard passive structures: the impersonal passive with an anticipatory 'it' ('It is believed that he is honest') and the personal passive or nominative-with-infinitive structure ('He is believed to be honest').
Therefore, propositions I, III, and IV are correct, making Option B the right choice.
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