त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical framework of second-language acquisition, Noam Chomsky's Nativist Theory and Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model propose distinct yet influential hypotheses regarding how human beings acquire and learn languages. Consider the following four advanced propositions regarding these theories:I. Chomsky's concept of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar (UG) posits that humans are biologically pre-programmed with an innate set of structural principles, enabling children to effortlessly extract morphosyntactic rules from impoverished linguistic input.II. Krashen's Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis asserts that 'acquisition' is a subconscious process resulting from natural communication (similar to child first-language development), whereas 'learning' is a conscious process resulting from formal instruction, and crucially, learned knowledge can easily convert into acquired subconscious fluency over time through sufficient practice.III. According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis (the $i+1$ formula), effective language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly beyond their current level of linguistic competence, facilitated by context, extra-linguistic cues, and shared knowledge.IV. Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis suggests that psychological variables such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and strong self-consciousness can raise the 'affective filter', creating a mental block that prevents comprehensible input from reaching the language acquisition mechanisms.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the theoretical and pedagogical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV according to applied linguistics and second-language acquisition theory.
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Detailed Explanation
Propositions I, III, and IV are entirely correct. Proposition I accurately reflects Chomsky's Nativist view that children possess an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) containing Universal Grammar. Proposition III correctly defines Krashen's Input Hypothesis ($i+1$), and Proposition IV correctly describes the Affective Filter Hypothesis. Proposition II, however, is incorrect because Krashen's Non-Interface Hypothesis strictly states that conscious learning *cannot* convert into subconscious acquisition; they remain entirely separate systems in the brain.
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