त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical paradigms of second language acquisition, Noam Chomsky's nativist theory and Stephen Krashen's input hypothesis offer distinct perspectives on how human beings process and internalize linguistic systems. Consider the following four complex propositions regarding acquisition, learning, and related psycholinguistic concepts:I. Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar (UG) posit that human infants are biologically endowed with an innate, species-specific blueprint for language, which enables them to deduce structural parameters of their native tongue from primary linguistic input despite the 'poverty of the stimulus'.II. Krashen's Monitor Model draws a strict dichotomy between 'acquisition' (a subconscious, intuitive process akin to child first-language development resulting in implicit linguistic competence) and 'learning' (a conscious process of mastering explicit rules and grammar terminology resulting in explicit metalinguistic knowledge, which Krashen argues can transform into acquired knowledge over time).III. According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis (specifically the $i + 1$ formula), optimal second language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly beyond their current level of linguistic competence ($i$), allowing them to rely on context, extra-linguistic cues, and prior knowledge to decode the structure.IV. Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis asserts that emotional variables such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and strong defensive motivation can raise the affective filter, forming a mental block that prevents incoming comprehensible input from reaching the Language Acquisition Device in the brain, thereby inhibiting successful second-language acquisition.Identify the option that correctly evaluates the theoretical and pedagogical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV.
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Detailed Explanation
To master the distinction between language acquisition and language learning, one must examine the core principles established by Wikipedia Reference. Proposition II is the key differentiator here: Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model explicitly argues that 'learning' (conscious knowledge of rules) and 'acquisition' (subconscious internalization) are mutually independent systems, and *learned knowledge can never turn into acquired knowledge*; it can only serve as an editor or 'monitor' to make surface corrections. Propositions I, III, and IV accurately state the tenets of Chomsky's nativism (poverty of the stimulus, LAD) and Krashen's input ($i+1$) and affective filter hypotheses.
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