त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In the theoretical landscape of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), Noam Chomsky's nativist paradigm and Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model offer distinct explanations for how human beings develop linguistic competence. Consider the following complex propositions regarding their respective theories: I. Chomsky's hypothesis of Universal Grammar (UG) and the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) posits that children are biologically preprogrammed with abstract linguistic principles, allowing them to rapidly master complex native syntax despite being exposed to degenerate or impoverished primary linguistic input. II. Krashen's Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis claims that 'acquisition' is a subconscious process resulting from natural communicative interaction, whereas 'learning' is a conscious process of studying formal grammar rules, and crucially, conscious learned knowledge can effortlessly transform into subconscious acquired competence through intensive mechanical drilling. III. Krashen's Natural Order Hypothesis asserts that grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable, developmental sequence across learners regardless of their native language background, and this innate developmental sequence is largely impervious to deliberate classroom instructional sequencing. IV. Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis posits that internal emotional variables such as high anxiety, low self-confidence, and lack of motivation raise the affective filter, creating a psychological block that impedes incoming comprehensible input ($i + 1$) from reaching the language acquisition device. Identify the option that correctly evaluates the linguistic and pedagogical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV.
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Detailed Explanation
Propositions I, III, and IV are correct. According to Second-language acquisition theory, Chomsky's nativist model emphasizes innate biological structures (LAD and Universal Grammar) to account for the poverty of the stimulus. Krashen's Monitor Model comprises five central hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, the Monitor Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, the Input Hypothesis ($i+1$), and the Affective Filter Hypothesis. Crucially, Krashen's Non-Interface Hypothesis states that conscious learning and subconscious acquisition are distinct systems, and conscious 'learning' cannot turn into subconscious 'acquisition'. Therefore, Proposition II is incorrect because it claims that learned knowledge effortlessly converts into acquired competence through drilling.
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