त्वरित लिंक्स
English Language
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In advanced English syntax and diathesis, the conversion of active voice to passive voice involves complex morphosyntactic transformations, particularly when dealing with ditransitive verbs, causative constructions, phrasal verbs, and clauses with complementation. Consider the following complex propositions regarding active-passive voice conversion:I. In ditransitive structures containing both a direct and an indirect object (e.g., 'The board awarded the senior researcher a prestigious fellowship'), either object can structurally function as the subject of the passive transform, resulting in two equally grammatical passive options (e.g., 'A prestigious fellowship was awarded the senior researcher' or 'The senior researcher was awarded a prestigious fellowship'), though the latter is stylistically preferred in standard modern English.II. When an active sentence features a causative verb like 'make' followed by a bare infinitive (e.g., 'The director made the employees work overtime'), the bare infinitive in the passive transform obligatorily shifts to a to-infinitive (e.g., 'The employees were made to work overtime by the director').III. Intransitive verbs that express bodily posture or motion accompanied by locative complements—such as 'appear', 'disappear', 'arrive', or 'fall'—can freely undergo passive transformation provided they take an obligatory prepositional adjunct.IV. In sentences governed by reporting verbs taking a propositional complement clause (e.g., 'They believe that the economy is recovering'), two distinct passive transformations are permissible: the impersonal passive with an introductory dummy subject 'It' (e.g., 'It is believed that the economy is recovering') and the personal passive where the subject of the subordinate clause is raised to become the matrix subject (e.g., 'The economy is believed to be recovering').Identify the option that correctly evaluates the syntactic and grammatical validity of propositions I, II, III, and IV.
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Detailed Explanation
Propositions I, II, and IV are entirely accurate according to standard English grammar rules. Ditransitive verbs allow either the direct or indirect object to become the passive subject, though indirect-object promotion is much more natural. Causative 'make' restores the 'to'-infinitive in the passive voice. Reporting verbs allow both impersonal ('It is believed...') and personal subject-raising ('The economy is believed...') passivization. Proposition III is invalid because intransitive verbs inherently lack a direct object and therefore cannot undergo passive voice conversion, regardless of whether they take prepositional adjuncts or locative complements. For a comprehensive overview of voice in grammar, refer to the Wikipedia Reference on grammatical voice.
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